Perspectivas sobre los indicadores ecológicos para evaluar la sostenibilidad de los bosques tropicales
Contenido principal del artículo
Resumen
Introducción: los bosques tropicales albergan una de las mayores concentraciones de biodiversidad del planeta y proporcionan servicios ecosistémicos esenciales para la regulación climática, la conservación del suelo y el bienestar humano. Sin embargo, la pérdida acelerada de cobertura forestal y la creciente presión por el uso de los recursos naturales han generado la necesidad urgente de desarrollar herramientas efectivas para evaluar la sostenibilidad de estos ecosistemas. Objetivos: esta revisión analiza 25 años de investigación sobre indicadores ecológicos aplicados al manejo forestal sostenible en regiones tropicales, con el fin de identificar tendencias, vacíos de conocimiento y asociaciones entre distintos indicadores y tipos de manejo forestal. Metodología: se revisaron 251 estudios publicados entre 2000 y 2025 relacionados con tala selectiva, productos forestales no maderables, sistemas agroforestales, agricultura itinerante y plantaciones forestales. Los estudios fueron clasificados según el tipo de manejo y la escala ecológica de los indicadores, incluyendo ecosistema, comunidad, especie, genética y componente social. Resultados: los resultados muestran que la mayoría de los estudios se han enfocado en bosques naturales y en indicadores a nivel de ecosistema y comunidad, especialmente aquellos relacionados con biodiversidad, calidad del suelo, carbono y fauna silvestre. Además, se identificaron asociaciones específicas entre determinados indicadores y tipos de manejo forestal. Sin embargo, este enfoque predominante en bosques naturales evidencia un vacío de investigación en sistemas agroforestales, plantaciones forestales y agricultura itinerante. Conclusiones: esta revisión destaca la necesidad de ampliar los enfoques de monitoreo más allá de los bosques naturales, incorporando sistemas agroforestales, plantaciones forestales y agricultura itinerante como componentes clave para la conservación de los bosques tropicales y la sostenibilidad de sus servicios ecosistémicos. Área de estudio general: Ecología. Área de estudio específica: Manejo Forestal Sostenible. Tipo de artículo: Revisión bibliográfica narrativa.
Descargas
Detalles del artículo
dssfdsf
dsfdsf
Citas
Acevedo-Quintero, J. F., & Zamora-Abrego, J. G. (2016). Papel de los mamíferos en los procesos de dispersión y depredación de semillas de Mauritia flexuosa (Arecaceae) en la Amazonia colombiana. Revista de Biología Tropical, 64(1), 5-15. https://www.scielo.sa.cr/pdf/rbt/v64n1/0034-7744-rbt-64-01-00005.pdf
Adams, M., & Castaño, J. (2000). World timber supply and demand scenario, government interventions, issues and problems [FAO, Proceedings of the International Conference on Timber Plantation Development, Philippines, pp. 7-9]. https://www.fao.org/4/ac781e/AC781E03.htm
Adeyolanu, O. D., Are, K. S., Oluwatosin, G. A., Ayoola, O. T., & Adelana, A. O. (2013). Evaluation of two methods of soil quality assessment as influenced by slash and burn in tropical rainforest ecology of Nigeria. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 59(12), 1725-1742. https://doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2012.760037
Aguilar-Amuchastegui, N., & Henebry, G. M. (2006). Monitoring sustainability in tropical forests: How changes in canopy spatial pattern can indicate forest stands for biodiversity surveys. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, 3(3), 329-333. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/natrespapers/152/
Aguilar-Amuchastegui, N., & Henebry, G. (2007). Assessing sustainability indicators for tropical forests: spatio-temporal heterogeneity, logging intensity, and dung beetle communities. Forest Ecology and Management, 253, 56-67. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Assessing-sustainability-indicators-for-tropical-Aguilar-Amuchastegui-Henebry/51a9ee426582b28d528f9ae27e97370b99f0968a
Aguilar‐Amuchastegui, N., & Henebry, G. M. (2008). Characterizing tropical forest spatio‐temporal heterogeneity using the Wide Dynamic Range Vegetation Index (WDRVI). International Journal of Remote Sensing, 29(24), 7285-7291. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Naikoa-Aguilar-Amuchastegui/publication/260546699_Characterizing_tropical_forest_spatio-temporal_heterogeneity_using_the_Wide_Dynamic_Range_Vegetation_Index_WDRVI/links/54eb38e80cf25ba91c864aa8/Characterizing-tropical-forest-spatio-temporal-heterogeneity-using-the-Wide-Dynamic-Range-Vegetation-Index-WDRVI.pdf
Akutsu, K., Khen, C. V., & Toda, M. J. (2007). Assessment of higher insect taxa as bioindicators for different logging-disturbance regimes in lowland tropical rain forest in Sabah, Malaysia. Ecological Research, 22, 542-550. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-006-0052-6
Alam, M., Furukawa, Y., & Harada, K. (2010). Agroforestry as a sustainable land use option in degraded tropical forests: a study from Bangladesh. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 12, 147-158. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Agroforestry-as-a-sustainable-landuse-option-in-a-Alam-Furukawa/1a0d5d488273c6b9c3257b85ff06504d50f3b9d9
Allebone‐Webb, S. M., Kümpel, N. F., Rist, J., Cowlishaw, G., Rowcliffe, J. M., & Milner‐Gulland, E.J. (2011). Use of market data to assess bushmeat hunting sustainability in Equatorial Guinea. Conservation Biology: The Journal of the Society for Conservation Biology, 25(3), 597–606. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2011.01681.x
Arnold, J. E. M., & Pérez, M. R. (2001). Can non-timber forest products match tropical forest conservation and development objectives? Ecological Economics: The Journal of the International Society for Ecological Economics, 39(3), 437–447. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0921-8009(01)00236-1
Ashley, R., Russell, D., & Swallow, B. (2006). The policy terrain in protected area landscapes: challenges for agroforestry in integrated landscape conservation. Biodiversity and Conservation, 15(2), 663–689. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-005-2100-x
Avocèvou-Ayisso, C., Sinsin, B., Adégbidi, A., Dossou, G., & van Damme, P. (2009). Sustainable use of non-timber forest products: impact of fruit harvesting on Pentadesma butyracea regeneration and financial analysis of its products trade in Benin. Forest Ecology and Management, 257(9), 1930–1938. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.01.043
Balota, E. L., Yada, I. F., Amaral, H., Nakatani, A. S., Dick, R. P., & Coyne, M. S. (2014). Long‐term land use influences soil microbial biomass P and S, phosphatase and arylsulfatase activities, and S mineralization in a Brazilian oxisol. Land Degradation & Development, 25(4), 397–406. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.2242
Bautista-Cruz, A., del Castillo, R. F., Etchevers-Barra, J. D., del Carmen Gutiérrez-Castorena, M., & Baez, A. (2012). Selection and interpretation of soil quality indicators for forest recovery after clearing of a tropical montane cloud forest in Mexico. Forest Ecology and Management, 277, 74-80. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235949394_Selection_and_interpretation_of_soil_quality_indicators_for_forest_recovery_after_clearing_of_a_tropical_montane_cloud_forest_in_Mexico
Bautista, F., Castelazo, D., & García-Robles, M. (2009). Changes in soil macrofauna in agroecosystems derived from low deciduous tropical forest on leptosols from karstic zones. Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems, 10(2), 185-197. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/939/93912989007.pdf
Bawa, K.S., Joseph, G., & Setty, S. (2007). Poverty, biodiversity and institutions in forest-agriculture ecotones in the Western Ghats and Eastern Himalaya ranges of India. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 121(3), 287-295. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222818528_Poverty_biodiversity_and_institutions_in_forest-agriculture_ecotones_in_the_Western_Ghats_and_Eastern_Himalaya_ranges_of_India
Beaulieu, F., & Weeks, A. R. (2007). Free-living mesostigmatic mites in Australia: their roles in biological control and bioindication. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 47, 460-478. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Free-living-mesostigmatic-mites-in-Australia%3A-their-Beaulieu-Weeks/432848a1781191fc17004370ff226cf754a142ae
Belcher, B., Ruíz-Pérez, M., & Achdiawan, R. (2005). Global patterns and trends in the use and management of commercial NTFPs: implications for livelihoods and conservation. World Development, 33(9), 1435–1452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2004.10.007
Bhagawati, K., Bhagawati, G., Das, R., Bhagawati, R., & Ngachanngachan, S. V. (2015). The structure of Jhum (Traditional Shifting Cultivation System): prospect or threat to climate. International Letters of Natural Sciences, 46, 16-30. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282430649_The_Structure_of_Jhum_Traditional_Shifting_Cultivation_System_Prospect_or_Threat_to_Climate
Bhagwat, S. A., Willis, K. J., Birks, H. J. B., & Whittaker, R. J. (2008). Agroforestry: a refuge for tropical biodiversity? Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 23(5), 261–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2008.01.005
Bhattacharjya, S., Bhaduri, D., Chauhan, S., Chandra, R., Raverkar, K. P., & Pareek, N. (2017). Comparative evaluation of three contrasting land use systems for soil carbon, microbial and biochemical indicators in North-Western Himalaya. Ecological Engineering, 103, 21–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2017.03.001
Bhowmik, A., Fortuna, A. M., Cihacek, L. J., Bary, A. I., & Cogger, C. G. (2016). Use of biological indicators of soil health to estimate reactive nitrogen dynamics in long-term organic vegetable and pasture systems. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 103, 308–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2016.09.004
Bicknell, J. E., Phelps, S. P., Davies, R. G., Mann, D. J., Struebig, M. J., & Davies, Z. G. (2014). Dung beetles as indicators for rapid impact assessments: evaluating best practice forestry in the neotropics. Ecological Indicators, 43, 154–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.02.030
Bicknell, J. E., Struebig, M. J., Davies, Z. G., & Baraloto, C. (2015). Reconciling timber extraction with biodiversity conservation in tropical forests using reduced-impact logging. The Journal of Applied Ecology, 52(2), 379–388. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12391
Bobo, K. S., Waltert, M., Fermon, H., Njokagbor, J., & Mühlenberg, M. (2006). From forest to ffarmland: Butterfly diversity and habitat associations along a gradient of forest conversion in southwestern Cameroon. Journal of Insect Conservation, 10(1), 29–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10841-005-8564-x
Bonilla-Bedoya, S., López-Ulloa, M., Vanwalleghem, T., & Herrera-Machuca, M.Á. (2017). Effects of land use change on soil quality indicators in forest landscapes of the western amazon. Soil Science. 182(4), 128-136. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317548784_Effects_of_Land_Use_Change_on_Soil_Quality_Indicators_in_Forest_Landscapes_of_the_Western_Amazon
Boot, R. G. A., & Gullison, R. E. (1995). Approaches to developing sustainable extraction systems for tropical forest products. Ecological Applications, 5(4), 896–903. https://doi.org/10.2307/2269340
Brearley, F. Q., & Thomas, A. D. (2015). Land-use change impacts on soil processes in tropical and savannah ecosystems: an introduction. In Land-use change impacts on soil processes: tropical and savannah ecosystems (pp. 1–7). CABI. https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/10.1079/9781780642109.0001
Brown, K., & Freitas, A. V. L. (2000). Atlantic Forest butterflies: indicators for landscape conservation. Biotropica, 32(4b), 934–956. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2000.tb00631.x
Cadotte, M. W., Carscadden, K., & Mirotchnick, N. (2011). Beyond species: functional diversity and the maintenance of ecological processes and services: Functional diversity in ecology and conservation. The Journal of Applied Ecology, 48(5), 1079–1087. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2011.02048.x
Cairns, M. F. (2015). Shifting cultivation and environmental change. Indigenous people, agriculture and forest conservation. Routledge. https://www.aciar.gov.au/sites/default/files/legacy/shifting_cultivation_and_environmental_change_-_preliminary_pages.pdf
Carle, J., Vuorinen, P., & Del Lungo, A. (2002). Status and trends in global forest plantation development. Forest Products Journal, 52(7), 12-23. https://www.fao.org/forestry-fao/25856-0c773a78823b8b936c7f6c323919bd706.pdf
Carlson, M.J., Mitchell, R., & Rodriguez, L. (2011). Scenario analysis to identify viable conservation strategies in Paraguay’s imperiled Atlantic Forest. Ecology and Society, 16(3), 1-16. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26268924?seq=1
Castañeda, F. (2000). Criteria and indicators for sustainable forest management: international processes, current status and the way ahead. FAO. https://www.fao.org/4/x8080e/x8080e06.htm
Castro-Tanzi, S., Dietsch, T., Urena, N., Vindas, L., & Chandler, M. (2012). Analysis of management and site factors to improve the sustainability of smallholder coffee production in Tarrazú, Costa Rica. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 155, 172–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2012.04.013
Celentano, D., Sills, E., Sales, M., & Veríssimo, A. (2012). Welfare outcomes and the advance of the deforestation frontier in the Brazilian Amazon. World Development, 40(4), 850–864. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.09.002
Chevillotte, H., Meyer, J. Y., Mellado-Forichon, T., Florence, J., Emmanuelli, E., Auberton-Habert, É., Galzin, R., & Ferraris, J. (2014). Biodiversity assessment and monitoring in the island of Moorea, French Polynesia: a methodological approach applied to terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Revue d’ecologie, 69(3), 267–284. https://doi.org/10.3406/revec.2014.1751
Choi, H. C., & Sirakaya, E. (2006). Sustainability indicators for managing community tourism. Tourism Management, 27(6), 1274–1289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2005.05.018
Cingolani, A. M., Vaieretti, M. V., Giorgis, M. A., La Torre, N., Whitworth Hulse, J. I., & Renison, D. (2013). Can livestock and fires convert the sub-tropical mountain rangelands of central Argentina into a rocky desert? FAO. https://agris.fao.org/search/en/providers/124846/records/6705065cb1dfe472e144a1da
Clarke, F. M., Rostant, L. V., & Racey, P. A. (2005). Life after logging: post-logging recovery of a neotropical bat community. The Journal of Applied Ecology, 42(2), 409–420. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2005.01024.x
Clay, J. W. (1997). The impact of palm heart harvesting in the Amazon estuary. In: Freese, C. H. (Ed), Harvesting wild species: implications for biodiversity conservation. John Hopkins University Press. https://books.google.com.ec/books/about/Harvesting_Wild_Species.html?id=YUbwAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y
Cole, L. E. S., Bhagwat, S. A., & Willis, K. J. (2015). Long-term disturbance dynamics and resilience of tropical peat swamp forests. The Journal of Ecology, 103(1), 16–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12329
Cosyns, H., Van Damme, P., & De Wulf, R. (2013). Who views what? Impact assessment through the eyes of farmers, development organization staff and researchers. International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology, 20(4), 287–301. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504509.2013.806372
Cotter, M., Berkhoff, K., Gibreel, T., Ghorbani, A., Golbon, R., Nuppenau, E.-A., & Sauerborn, J. (2014). Designing a sustainable land use scenario based on a combination of ecological assessments and economic optimization. Ecological Indicators, 36, 779–787. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.01.017
Cunningham, A. B., & Mbenkum, F. T. (1993). Sustainability of harvesting Prunus africana bark in Cameroon: a medicinal plant in international trade. People and Plants Working Paper. UNESCO. https://books.google.com.ec/books/about/Sustainability_of_Harvesting_Prunus_Afri.html?id=jMQlAQAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y
Sousa da Costa, A. L., & Ribeiro Reis, L. (2017). The contribution of the Triunfo do Xingu APA to land management in the Terra do Meio region, state of Pará. Revista de Ciências Agrárias, 60(1), 96-102. https://ajaes.ufra.edu.br/index.php/ajaes/article/view/2692
Damette, O., & Delacote, P. (2011). Unsustainable timber harvesting, deforestation and the role of certification. Ecological Economics: The Journal of the International Society for Ecological Economics, 70(6), 1211–1219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.01.025
Daw, T., Brown, K., Rosendo, S., & Pomeroy, R. (2011). Applying the ecosystem services concept to poverty alleviation: the need to disaggregate human well-being. Environmental Conservation, 38(4), 370–379. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0376892911000506
Beer, J. H. de, & McDermott, M. J. (1989). The economic value of non-timber forest products in Southeast Asia with emphasis on Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand. IUCN National Committee of The Netherlands. https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/6076
de Jesús-Crespo, R., Newsom, D., King, E. G., & Pringle, C. (2016). Shade tree cover criteria for non-point source pollution control in the Rainforest Alliance coffee certification program: a snapshot assessment of Costa Rica’s Tarrazú coffee region. Ecological Indicators, 66, 47–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.01.025
DeClerck, F. A. J., Chazdon, R., Holl, K. D., Milder, J. C., Finegan, B., Martinez-Salinas, A., Imbach, P., Canet, L., & Ramos, Z. (2010). Biodiversity conservation in human-modified landscapes of Mesoamerica: past, present and future. Biological Conservation, 143(10), 2301–2313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2010.03.026
Diemont, S. A. W., & Martin, J. F. (2005). Management impacts on the trophic diversity of nematode communities in an indigenous agroforestry system of Chiapas, Mexico. Pedobiologia, 49(4), 325–334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedobi.2005.02.003
Duelli, P., & Obrist, M. K. (2003). Biodiversity indicators: the choice of values and measures. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 98(1–3), 87–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8809(03)00072-0
Duveiller, G., Defourny, P., Desclée, B., & Mayaux, P. (2008). Deforestation in Central Africa: estimates at regional, national and landscape levels by advanced processing of systematically-distributed Landsat extracts. Remote Sensing of Environment, 112(5), 1969–1981. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2007.07.026
Edwards, D. P., Tobias, J. A., Sheil, D., Meijaard, E., & Laurance, W. F. (2014). Maintaining ecosystem function and services in logged tropical forests. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 29(9), 511–520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2014.07.003
Entenmann, S.K., Schmitt, C.B., & Konold, W. (2014). REDD+-related activities in Kenya: actors’ views on biodiversity and monitoring in a broader policy context. Biodiversity and Conservation, 23(14), 3561–3586. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-014-0821-4
Eriksson, I., Demel, T., & Granström, A. (2003). Response of plant communities to fire in an Acacia woodland and a dry Afromontane forest, southern Ethiopia. Forest Ecology and Management, 177(1–3), 39. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1127(02)00325-0
Eshun, J. F., Potting, J., & Leemans, R. (2010). Sustainability of forestry and timber industry in Ghana. International Forestry Review, 12(4), 383–395. https://doi.org/10.1505/ifor.12.4.383
Eshun, J.F., Potting, J., Leemans, R. (2012). Wood waste minimization in the timber sector of Ghana: a systems approach to reduce environmental impact. Journal of Cleaner Production, 26(May), 67–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2011.12.025
Evans, J., & Turnbull, J.W. (2004). Plantation forestry in the tropics. Oxford University Press. https://agris.fao.org/search/en/providers/122535/records/65de09ed0f3e94b9e5c9c2fa
Felton, A., Wood, J., Felton, A. M., Hennessey, B., & Lindenmayer, D. B. (2008). Bird community responses to reduced-impact logging in a certified forestry concession in lowland Bolivia. Biological Conservation, 141(2), 545–555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2007.11.009
Ferguson, B. G., Diemont, S. A. W., Alfaro-Arguello, R., Martin, J. F., Nahed-Toral, J., Álvarez-Solís, D., & Pinto-Ruíz, R. (2013). Sustainability of holistic and conventional cattle ranching in the seasonally dry tropics of Chiapas, Mexico. Agricultural Systems, 120, 38–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2013.05.005
Finkeldey, R., & Hattemer, H.H. (2007). Tropical forest genetics. Springer. https://tree.worldagroforestry.org/article?id=152
Fischer, R., Bohn, F., Dantas de Paula, M., Dislich, C., Groeneveld, J., Gutiérrez, A. G., Kazmierczak, M., Knapp, N., Lehmann, S., Paulick, S., Pütz, S., Rödig, E., Taubert, F., Köhler, P., & Huth, A. (2016). Lessons learned from applying a forest gap model to understand ecosystem and carbon dynamics of complex tropical forests. Ecological Modelling, 326, 124–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2015.11.018
Foerster, S., Wilkie, D. S., Morelli, G. A., Demmer, J., Starkey, M., Telfer, P., & Steil, M. (2011). Human livelihoods and protected areas in Gabon: a cross-sectional comparison of welfare and consumption patterns. Oryx: The Journal of the Fauna Preservation Society, 45(3), 347–356. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0030605310001791
Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations [FAO]. (2018a). Sustainable forest management. http://www.fao.org/forestry/sfm/en/
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [FAO]. (2018b). The State of the World’s Forest: forest pathways to sustainable development. https://openknowledge.fao.org/items/28896bfc-567c-4e4e-a1b2-d28e78867028
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [FAO]. (2015). Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015. https://www.fao.org/forest-resources-assessment/past-assessments/fra-2015/en/
Foody, G. M. (2003). Remote sensing of tropical forest environments: towards the monitoring of environmental resources for sustainable development. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 24(20), 4035–4046. https://doi.org/10.1080/0143116031000103853
Forrest, J. L., Sanderson, E. W., Wallace, R., Lazzo, T. M. S., Cerveró, L. H. G., & Coppolillo, P. (2008). Patterns of land cover change in and around Madidi National Park, Bolivia. Biotropica, 40(3), 285–294. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2007.00382.x
Fortini, L. B., Cropper, W. P., Jr, & Zarin, D. J. (2015). Modeling the complex impacts of timber harvests to find optimal management regimes for Amazon tidal floodplain forests. PloS One, 10(8), e0136740. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0136740
Gaoue, O. G., Lemes, M. R., Ticktin, T., Sinsin, B., & Eyog-Matig, O. (2014). Non-timber forest product harvest does not affect the genetic diversity of a tropical tree despite negative effects on population fitness. Biotropica, 46(6), 756–762. http://www.jstor.org/stable/44944801
Gaoue, O. G., Sack, L., & Ticktin, T. (2011). Human impacts on leaf economics in heterogeneous landscapes: the effect of harvesting non-timber forest products from African mahogany across habitats and climates: NTFP harvest and leaf economics. The Journal of Applied Ecology, 48(4), 844–852. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2011.01977.x
Gaoue, O. G., & Ticktin, T. (2010). Effects of harvest of nontimber forest products and ecological differences between sites on the demography of African mahogany. Conservation Biology: The Journal of the Society for Conservation Biology, 24(2), 605–614. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01345.x
Garcia, C.A., & Lescuyer, G. (2008). Monitoring, indicators and community-based forest management in the tropics: pretexts or red herrings? Biodiversity and Conservation, 17(6), 1303-1317. https://cgspace.cgiar.org/items/08322bec-8112-45cc-bc8a-69e8d95b6f3b
Gibson, J. (2018). Forest loss and economic inequality in the Solomon Islands: using small-area estimation to link environmental change to welfare outcomes. Ecological Economics: The Journal of the International Society for Ecological Economics, 148, 66–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2018.02.012
Gillison, A. N., Liswanti, N., Budidarsono, S., van Noordwijk, M., & Tomich, T. P. (2004). Impact of cropping methods on biodiversity in coffee agroecosystems in Sumatra, Indonesia. Ecology and Society: a Journal of Integrative Science for Resilience and Sustainability, 9(2). https://doi.org/10.5751/es-00657-090207
Goehring, D. M., Daily, G. C., & Şekerçioglu, Ç. H. (2002). Distribution of ground-dwelling arthropods in tropical countryside habitats. Journal of Insect Conservation, 6, 83-91. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1020905307244
González-Valdivia, N. A., Arriaga-Weiss, S. L., Ochoa-Gaona, S., Ferguson, B. G., Kampichler, C., & Pozo, C. (2012). Ensambles de aves diurnas a través de un gradiente de perturbación en un paisaje en el sureste de México. Acta Zoológica Mexicana, 28, 237-269. https://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0065-17372012000200001
González-Astorga, J., & Castillo-Campos, G. (2004). Genetic variability of the narrow endemic tree Antirhea aromatica Castillo-Campos Lorence, (Rubiaceae, Guettardeae) in a tropical forest of Mexico. Annals of Botany, 93(5), 521–528. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mch070
Günther, S., Weber, M., Stimm, B., & Mosandl, R. (2011). Silviculture in the tropics. Springer. https://download.e-bookshelf.de/download/0000/1175/28/L-G-0000117528-0013213245.pdf
Libby, W. J., Stetter, R., & Seitz, F. W. (2003). Forest genetics and forest tree breeding. Annual Review of Genetics, 3(1), 469-494. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234151245_Forest_Genetics_and_Forest-Tree_Breeding
Haddad, N. M., Tilman, D., Haarstad, J., Ritchie, M., & Knops, J. M. (2001). Contrasting effects of plant richness and composition on insect communities: a field experiment. The American Naturalist, 158(1), 17–35. https://doi.org/10.1086/320866
Haines-Young, R., & Potschin, M. (2010). The links between biodiversity, ecosystem services and human well-being. In Cambridge University Press eBooks (pp. 110–139). https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511750458.007
Hammond, D. S., & Zagt, R. J. (2006). Considering background condition effects in tailoring tropical forest management systems for sustainability. Ecology and Society, 11(1), 1-25. http://fire-smart-landscapes.tropenbos.org/resources/publications/considering+background+condition+effects+in+tailoring+tropical+forest+management+systems+for+sustainability+
Han, X., Josse, C., Young, B. E., Smyth, R. L., Hamilton, H. H., & Bowles-Newark, N. (2017). Monitoring national conservation progress with indicators derived from global and national datasets. Biological Conservation. 213, 325-334. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308013422_Monitoring_national_conservation_progress_with_indicators_derived_from_global_and_national_datasets
Hartanto, H., Prabhu, R., Widayat, A.S., & Asdak, C. (2003). Factors affecting runoff and soil erosion: plot-level soil loss monitoring for assessing sustainability of forest management. Forest Ecology and Management. 180(1-3), 361-374. https://cgspace.cgiar.org/items/9525a81f-a6c2-4ff0-90bf-c97a0c17551b
Hauser, S., Gang, E., Norgrove, L., & a Birang, M. (2005). Decomposition of plant material as an indicator of ecosystem disturbance in tropical land use systems. Geoderma, 129(1–2), 99–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2004.12.037
Haworth, J. (1999). Life after logging: the impacts of commercial timber extraction in tropical rainforests a review carries out for the rainforest foundation UK, Rettet den Regenwald. Friends of the Earth England and Wales. https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/linkeddata/primary-entity/work/9cc57c67-9b0e-4b1c-9305-718667b3b312
Henry, M., Cosson, J. F., & Pons, J. M. (2007). Abundance may be a misleading indicator of fragmentation-sensitivity: the case of fig-eating bats. Biological Conservation, 139(3-4), 462-467. https://hal.science/hal-02660927/
Henry, M., Cosson, J. F., Pons, J. M. (2010). Modelling multi-scale spatial variation in species richness from abundance data in a complex neotropical bat assemblage. Ecological Modelling. 221(17), 2018-2027. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223334943_Modelling_multi-scale_spatial_variation_in_species_richness_from_abundance_data_in_a_complex_Neotropical_bat_assemblage
Hernández-Hernández, R. M., Ramírez, E., Castro, I., & Cano, S. (2008). Changes in quality indicators of hillside soils reforested with pines (Pinus caribaea) and eucalyptus (Eucalyptus robusta). Agrociencia (Montecillo), 42(3), 253-266. https://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?pid=S1405-31952008000300001&script=sci_abstract&tlng=en
Hickey, G. M., & Innes, J. L. (2008). Indicators for demonstrating sustainable forest management in British Columbia, Canada: an international review. Ecological Indicators, 8(2), 131-140. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008EcInd...8..131H/abstract
Hiremath, A.J. (2004). The ecological consequences of managing forests for non-timber products. Conservation and Society, 2, 211-216. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281508459_The_ecological_consequences_of_managing_forests_for_non-timber_products
Hitimana, J., Kiyiapi, J., Njunge, J., & Bargerei, R. (2009). Disturbance indicators and population decline of logged species in Mt. Elgon Forest, Kenya. African Journal of Ecology, 48(3), 699–708. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01167.x
Holmes, T., Blate, G., Zweede, J., Pereira, R., Barreto, P., Boltz, F., & Bauch, R. (2001). Financial and ecological indicators of reduced impact logging performance in the eastern Amazon. Forest Ecology and Management, 163, 93-110. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Financial-and-ecological-indicators-of-reduced-in-Holmes-Blate/7bd3d8974b60775c59d6775361910e096d0b1c2a
Oyama Homma, A.K. (1992). The dynamics of extraction in Amazonia: a historical perspective. Advances in Economic Botany. 9, 23-31. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43931386
Hu, J., Herbohn, J. L., Chazdon, R. L., Baynes, J., Wills, J., Meadows, J., & Sohel, M. S. I. (2018). Recovery of species composition over 46 years in a logged Australian tropical forest following different intensity silvicultural treatments. Forest Ecology and Management, 409, 660-666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2017.11.061
Huth, A., Drechsler, M., & Köhler, P. (2005). Using multicriteria decision analysis and a forest growth model to assess impacts of tree harvesting in Dipterocarp lowland rain forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 207(1–2), 215–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2004.10.028
Imai, N., Tanaka, A., Samejima, H., Sugau, J.B., Pereira, J.T., Titin, J., Kurniawan, J., & Kitayama, K. (2014). Tree community composition as an indicator in biodiversity monitoring of REDD+. Forest Ecology and Management, 313, 169-179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2013.10.041.
Iñiguez-Armijos, C., Leiva, A., Frede, H. G., Hampel, H., & Breuer, L. (2014). Deforestation and benthic indicators: how much vegetation cover is needed to sustain healthy Andean streams? PLoS ONE, 9(8), e105869. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0105869
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [IPCC]. (2014). AR5 Synthesis Report: Climate Change 2014 [The Synthesis Report (SYR) of the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) provides an overview of the state of knowledge concerning the science of climate change, emphasizing new results since the publication of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) in 2007]. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/syr/
International Tropical Timber Organization [ITTO]. (1990). ITTO Action plan: criteria and priority areas for program development and project work. https://www.cbd.int/forest/doc/itto-action-plan-en.pdf
International Tropical Timber Organization [ITTO]. (1992). Criteria for the measurement of sustainable tropical forest management. https://www.ci-sfm.org/uploads/Documents/2012/Virtual%20Library/Policy%20Documents/ITTO%2C%201992.pdf
International Tropical Timber Organization [ITTO]. (2016). Criteria and indicators for the sustainable management of tropical forests. https://www.itto.int/sustainable_forest_management/criteria_indicators/
Jakimow, B., Griffiths, P., van der Linden, S., & Hostert, P. (2018). Mapping pasture management in the Brazilian Amazon from dense Landsat time series. Remote Sensing of Environment, 205, 453–468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2017.10.009
Jakovac, C. C., Bongers, F., Kuyper, T. W., Mesquita, R. C., & Peña‐Claros, M. (2016). Land use as a filter for species composition in Amazonian secondary forests. Journal of Vegetation Science, 27(6), 1104–1116. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvs.12457
Jezeer, R. E., Santos, M. J., Boot, R. G. A., Junginger, M., & Verweij, P. A. (2018). Effects of shade and input management on economic performance of small-scale Peruvian coffee systems. Agricultural Systems, 162, 179–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2018.01.014
Ji, Y., Ashton, L., Pedley, S. M., Edwards, D. P., Tang, Y., Nakamura, A., Kitching, R., Dolman, P. M., Woodcock, P., Edwards, F. A., Larsen, T. H., Hsu, W. W., Benedick, S., Hamer, K. C., Wilcove, D. S., Bruce, C., Wang, X., Levi, T., Lott, M., . . . Yu, D. W. (2013). Reliable, verifiable and efficient monitoring of biodiversity via metabarcoding. Ecology Letters, 16(10), 1245–1257. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12162
Johns, J. S., Barreto, P., & Uhl, C. (1996). Logging damage during planned and unplanned logging operations in the eastern Amazon. Forest Ecology and Management, 89(1–3), 59–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1127(96)03869-8
Jyoti, N. A., Lal, R., & Das, A. K. (2015). Ethnopedology and soil quality of bamboo (Bambusa sp.) based agroforestry system. The Science of the Total Environment, 521–522, 372–379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.059
Karsenty, A., & Gourlet-Fleury, S. (2006). Assessing sustainability of logging practices in the Congo Basin’s managed forests: the issue of commercial species recovery. Ecology and Society, 11(1), 1-14. http://www.jstor.org/stable/26267810
Kaschuk, G., Alberton, O., & Hungria, M. (2011). Quantifying effects of different agricultural land uses on soil microbial biomass and activity in Brazilian biomes: inferences to improve soil quality. Plant and Soil, 338(1-2), 467-481. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PlSoi.338..467K/abstract
Kershaw, H.M., & Mallik, A.U. (2013). Predicting plant diversity response to disturbance: applicability of the intermediate disturbance hypothesis and mass ratio hypothesis. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 32, 383-395. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Predicting-Plant-Diversity-Response-to-Disturbance%3A-Kershaw-Mallik/88a8aa6944bf9bcc3bf98749ce32754323f82128
Kotwal, P. C., Omprakash, M. D., Gairola, S., & Dugaya, D. (2008). Ecological indicators: Imperative to sustainable forest management. Ecological Indicators, 8(1), 104–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2007.01.004
Laclau, J. P., Ranger, J., Gonçalves, J. L. de M., Maquère, V., Krusche, A. V., M’Bou, A. T., Nouvellon, Y., Saint-André, L., Bouillet, J.-P., de Cassia Piccolo, M., & Deleporte, P. (2010). Biogeochemical cycles of nutrients in tropical Eucalyptus plantations: main features shown by intensive monitoring in Congo and Brazil. Forest Ecology and Management, 259(9), 1771–1785. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.06.010
Landres, P. B., Verner, J., & Thomas, J. W. (1988). Ecological uses of vertebrate indicator species: a critique. Conservation Biology, 2, 316-328. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.1988.tb00195.x
Laurance, W. F., Kakul, T., Tom, M., Wahya, R., & Laurance, S. G. (2012). Defeating the ‘resource curse’: Key priorities for conserving Papua New Guinea’s native forests. Biological Conservation, 151(1), 35-40. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012BCons.151...35L/abstract
Lawrence, D. (2005). Biomass accumulation after 10–200 years of shifting cultivation in Bornean rain forest. Ecology, 86(1), 26–33. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3450984
Lemenih, M., Karltun, E., & Olsson, M. (2005). Assessing soil chemical and physical property responses to deforestation and subsequent cultivation in smallholders farming system in Ethiopia. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 105(1–2), 373–386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2004.01.046
Leroux, S. J., Krawchuk, M. A., Schmiegelow, F. K. A., Cumming, S. G., Lisgo, K., Anderson, L. G., & Petkova, M. (2010). Global protected areas and IUCN designations: Do the categories match the conditions? Biological Conservation, 143(3), 609–616. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BIOCON.2009.11.018
Levi, T., Shepard, G. H., Jr, Ohl-Schacherer, J., Wilmers, C. C., Peres, C. A., & Yu, D. W. (2011). Spatial tools for modeling the sustainability of subsistence hunting in tropical forests. Ecological Applications, 21(5), 1802–1818. https://doi.org/10.1890/10-0375.1
Lewis, O.T. (2001). Effect of experimental selective logging on tropical butterflies. Conservation Biology, 15, 389-400. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Effect-of-Experimental-Selective-Logging-on-Lewis/0608b09fd870c921fc225468d4aa47f1be0add75
Lin, L., Cao, M., He, Y., Baskin, J. M., & Baskin, C. C. (2006). Nonconstituent species in soil seed banks as indicators of anthropogenic disturbance in forest fragments. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 36(9), 2300–2316. https://doi.org/10.1139/x06-137
Lindell, L., Åström, M., & Öberg, T. (2010). Land-use versus natural controls on soil fertility in the Subandean Amazon, Peru. The Science of the Total Environment, 408(4), 965–975. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.10.039
Lindenmayer, D. B., Franklin, J. F., & Fischer, J. (2006). General management principles and a checklist of strategies to guide forest biodiversity conservation. Biological Conservation, 131(3), 433–445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2006.02.019
Lindenmayer, D. B., Margules, C. R., & Botkin, D. B. (2000). Indicators of biodiversity for ecologically sustainable forest management. Conservation Biology: The Journal of the Society for Conservation Biology, 14(4), 941–950. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.98533.x
López-Sampson, A., Cernusak, L. A., & Page, T. (2017). Relationship between leaf functional traits and productivity in Aquilaria crassna (Thymelaeaceae) plantations: a tool to aid in the early selection of high-yielding trees. Tree physiology, 37(5), 645-653. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpx007
Lozada, T., De Koning, G.H.J., Marché, R., Klein, A.M., & Tscharntke, T. (2007). Tree recovery and seed dispersal by birds: comparing forest, agroforestry and abandoned agroforestry in coastal Ecuador. Perspectives in Plant Ecology. Evolution and Systematics, 8, 131-140. https://redi.cedia.edu.ec/document/483087
Maes, J., Egoh, B., Willemen, L., Liquete, C., Vihervaara, P., Schägner, J. P., Grizzetti, B., Drakou, E. G., Notte, A. L., Zulian, G., Bouraoui, F., Luisa Paracchini, M., Braat, L., & Bidoglio, G. (2012). Mapping ecosystem services for policy support and decision making in the European Union. Ecosystem Services, 1(1), 31–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2012.06.004
Maleque, M. A., Maeto, K., & Ishii, H. T. (2009). Arthropods as bioindicators of sustainable forest management, with a focus on plantation forests. Applied Entomology and Zoology, 44(1), 1-11. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249887288_Arthropods_as_bioindicators_of_sustainable_forest_management_with_a_focus_on_plantation_forests
Manners, R., & Varela-Ortega, C. (2017). Analyzing Latin American and Caribbean Forest vulnerability from socio-economic factors. Journal of Integrative Environmental Sciences, 14(1), 109–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/1943815X.2017.1400981
Mantilla, P. G., & Neri, L. (2015). El ecoturismo como alternativa sostenible para proteger el bosque seco tropical peruano: El caso de Proyecto Hualtaco, Tumbes. PASOS Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural, 13(6), 1437-1449. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318950662_El_ecoturismo_como_alternativa_sostenible_para_proteger_el_bosque_seco_tropical_peruano_El_caso_de_Proyecto_Hualtaco_Tumbes
Mas, A. H., & Dietsch, T. V. (2004). Linking shade coffee certification to biodiversity conservation: butterflies and birds in Chiapas, Mexico. Ecological Applications, 14(3), 642–654. https://doi.org/10.1890/02-5225
Matsumoto, T., Itioka, T., Yamane, S., & Momose, K. (2009). Traditional land use associated with swidden agriculture changes encounter rates of the top predator, the army ant, in Southeast Asian tropical rain forests. Biodiversity and Conservation, 18(12), 3139-3151. https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/full/10.5555/20093340294
McCool, S.F., & Stankeyz, G., 2001. Representing the future: a framework for evaluating the utility of indicators in the search for sustainable forests. Criteria and Indicators for Sustainable Forest Management, 7, 93-105. https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/10.1079/9780851993928.0093
McDonald, G. T., & Lane, M. B. (2004). Converging global indicators for sustainable forest management. Forest Policy and Economics, 6(1), 63-70. https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/forpol/v6y2004i1p63-70.html
Medellín, R. A., Equihua, M., & Amin, M. A. (2000). Bat diversity and abundance as indicators of disturbance in Neotropical rainforests. Conservation Biology: The Journal of the Society for Conservation Biology, 14(6), 1666–1675. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2000.99068.x
Mendonça, E., Leite, L. F. C., & Wendling, B. (2009). Modelagem da dinâmica da matéria orgânica dos solos tropicais: uma proposta de ferramenta para a gestão ambiental. Embrapa Meio-Norte-Artigo em periódico indexado (ALICE), 30, 40-50. https://www.embrapa.br/busca-de-publicacoes/-/publicacao/578704/modelagem-da-dinamica-da-materia-organica-dos-solos-tropicais-uma-proposta-de-ferramenta-para-a-gestao-ambiental
Mendoza, G. A., & Prabhu, R. (2003). Qualitative multi-criteria approaches to assessing indicators of sustainable forest resource management. Forest Ecology and Management, 174(1–3), 329–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1127(02)00044-0
Meyer, C.F. (2015). Methodological challenges in monitoring bat population-and assemblage-level changes for anthropogenic impact assessment. Mammalian Biology - Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde, 80(3), 159-169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mambio.2014.11.002
Michels, T., Eschbach, J. M., Lacote, R., Benneveau, A., & Papy, F. (2012). Tapping panel diagnosis, an innovative on-farm decision support system for rubber tree tapping. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 32(3), 791–801. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-011-0069-2
Miranda, P.N., Morato, E.F., Oliveira, M.A., & Delabie, J.H.C. (2013). A riqueza e composição de formigas como indicadores dos efeitos do manejo florestal de baixo impacto em floresta tropical no estado do Acre, 37(1), 163-173. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-67622013000100017
Montagna, T., Lauterjung, M.B., Candido-Ribeiro, R., Silva, J.Z.D., Hoeltgebaum, M.P., Costa, N.C., Bernardi A.P., & Reis, M.S.D. (2018). Spatial genetic structure, population dynamics, and spatial patterns in the distribution of Ocotea catharinensis from southern Brazil: implications for conservation. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 48, 506-516. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Spatial-genetic-structure%2C-population-dynamics%2C-and-Montagna-Lauterjung/67f2a5e15d6cb6aa0804180b6012bb853f3533b5
Moscovich, F., Keller, H., Fernández, R., & Borhen, A. (2005). Indicadores de impacto ambiental de plantaciones forestales - componente vegetal. Ciência Forestal, 15(1), 21-32. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/27790548_Indicadores_de_impacto_ambiental_de_plantaciones_forestales_-_componente_vegetal
Moura, E., GL Sena, V., Correa, M. S., das CF Aguiar, A. (2013). The Importance of an Alternative for Sustainability of Agriculture around the Periphery of the Amazon Rainforest. Recent patents on food, nutrition & agriculture, 5(1), 70–78. https://doi.org/10.2174/2212798411305010011
Moura, E.G., Aguiar, A., Piedade, A.R., & Rousseau, G.X. (2015). Contribution of legume tree residues and macrofauna to the improvement of abiotic soil properties in the eastern Amazon. Applied Soil Ecology. 86, 91-99. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267629267_Contribution_of_legume_tree_residues_and_macrofauna_to_the_improvement_of_abiotic_soil_properties_in_the_eastern_Amazon C
Moura, E.G.D., Gehring, C., Braun, H., Ferraz Junior, A. D., Reis, F. D., & Aguiar, A. D. (2016). Improving farming practices for sustainable soil use in the humid tropics and rainforest ecosystem health. Sustainability, 8(9), 841. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8090841
Mukul, S.A., Uddin, M.B., Manzoor Rashid, A.Z.M., & Fox, J. (2010). Integrating livelihoods and conservation in protected areas: understanding the role and stakeholder views on prospects for non-timber forest products, a Bangladesh case study. International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology, 17(2), 180–188. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504500903549676
Mwavu, E.N., & Witkowski, E.T. (2009). Population structure and regeneration of multiple-use tree species in a semi-deciduous African tropical rainforest: implications for primate conservation. Forest Ecology and Management, 258(5), 840–849. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.03.019
Myers, N. (1993). Tropical forests: the main deforestation fronts. Environmental Conservation. 20(1), 9-16. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/environmental-conservation/article/abs/tropical-forests-the-main-deforestation-fronts/0953F8D81149DA3940E346BD08BC0DAD
Nogueira, M. A., Albino, U. B., Brandao-Junior, O., Braun, G., Cruz, M. F., Dias, B. A., Duarte, R. T. D., Gioppo, N. M. R., Menna, P., & Orlandi, J. M. (2006). Promising indicators for assessment of agroecosystems alteration among natural, reforested and agricultural land use in southern Brazil. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 115(1–4), 237–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2006.01.008
Norgrove, L., & Hauser, S. (2015). Estimating the consequences of fire exclusion for food crop production, soil fertility, and fallow recovery in shifting cultivation landscapes in the humid tropics. Environmental Management, 55(3), 536–549. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-014-0431-7
Norgrove, L., & Hauser, S. (2016). Biophysical criteria used by farmers for fallow selection in West and Central Africa. Ecological Indicators, 61, 141–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.06.013
Noss, R.F. (1990). Indicators for monitoring biodiversity: a hierarchical approach. Conservation Biology: The Journal of the Society for Conservation Biology, 4(4), 355–364. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.1990.tb00309.x
Ochoa-Gaona, S., Kampichler, C., De Jong, B.H.J., Hernández, S., Geissen, V., & Huerta, E. (2010). A multi-criterion index for the evaluation of local tropical forest conditions in Mexico. Forest Ecology and Management, 260(5), 618–627. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2010.05.018
Onyekwelu, J.C., Stimm, B., & Evans, J. (2011). Review plantation forestry, in: Günther (Ed), Silviculture in the Tropics. Springer, Berlin. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/278665919_Review_Plantation_Forestry
Oostermeijer, J.G.B., Luijten, S.H., & Den Nijs, J.C.M. (2003). Integrating demographic and genetic approaches in plant conservation. Biological Conservation, 113(3), 389–398. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3207(03)00127-7
Ordóñez, Y., Delgado, D., & Finegan, B. (2005). Monitoreo ecológico en bosques húmedos tropicales certificados en la RAAN, Nicaragua. Evaluación del impacto ecológico del manejo forestal. Recursos Naturales y Ambiente. CATIE, 46. https://ru.dgb.unam.mx/items/1237af6b-05fb-4519-a4e6-ea4333d73417
Pabst, H., Gerschlauer, F., Kiese, R., & Kuzyakov, Y. (2016). Land use and precipitation affect organic and microbial carbon stocks and the specific metabolic quotient in soils of eleven ecosystems of Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. Land Degradation & Development, 27(3), 592-602. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016LDeDe..27..592P/abstract
Palmer, D.J., Lowe, D.J., Payn, T.W., Höck, B.K., McLay, C.D.A., & Kimberley, M.O. (2005). Soil and foliar phosphorus as indicators of sustainability for Pinus radiata plantation forestry in New Zealand. Forest Ecology and Management, 220(1–3), 140–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2005.08.029
Paoli, G.D., Peart, D.R., Leighton, M., & Samsoedin, I. (2001). An ecological and economic assessment of the nontimber forest product gaharu wood in Gunung Palung National Park, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Conservation Biology, 15(6), 1721-1732. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238417110_An_Ecological_and_Economic_Assessment_of_the_Nontimber_Forest_Product_Gaharu_Wood_in_Gunung_Palung_National_Park_West_Kalimantan_Indonesia
Partelli, F.L., Duarte, H, Ferreira, E., Viana, A.P., Martins, M.A., & Urquiaga, S. (2012). Chemical and microbiological soil characteristics under conventional and organic coffee production systems. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 43(5), 847-864. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/241734645_Chemical_and_Microbiological_Soil_Characteristics_under_Conventional_and_Organic_Coffee_Production_Systems
Patel, K., Kumar, J.I.N., Kumar, R.N., & Bhoi, R.K. (2010). Seasonal and temporal variation in soil microbial biomass C, N and P in different types land uses of dry deciduous forest ecosystem of Udaipur, Rajasthan, Western India. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research 8(4), 377-390. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268212332_Seasonal_and_temporal_variation_in_soil_microbial_biomass_C_N_and_P_in_different_types_land_uses_of_dry_deciduous_forest_ecosystem_of_Udaipur_Rajasthan_Western_India
Peck, M. R., Maddock, S. T., Morales, J. N., Oñate, H., Mafla-Endara, P., Peñafiel, V. A., Torres-Carvajal, O., Pozo-Rivera, W. E., Cueva-Arroyo, X. A., & Tolhurst, B. A. (2014). Cost-Effectiveness of Using Small Vertebrates as Indicators of Disturbance. Conservation Biology, 28(5), 1331-1341. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12373
Pert, P. L., Butler, J. R., Bruce, C., & Metcalfe, D. (2012). A composite threat indicator approach to monitor vegetation condition in the Wet Tropics, Queensland, Australia. Ecological Indicators, 18, 191-199. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1470160X11003839?via%3Dihub
Pinho, R. C., Miller, R. P., & Alfaia, S. S. (2012). Agroforestry and the improvement of soil fertility: a view from Amazonia. Applied and Environmental Soil Science, 616383, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/616383
Prabhu, R., Colfer, C. J. P., & Dudley, R. G. (1999). Guidelines for developing, testing, and selecting criteria and indicators for sustainable forest management. Center for International Forestry Research, Bogor. https://www.cifor-icraf.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/toolbox-1.pdf
Prabhu, R., Ruitenbeek, J. H., Boyle, T. J. B., & Colfer, C. J. P. (2001). Between voodoo science and adaptive management: the role and research needs for indicators of sustainable forest management. In “Criteria and indicators for sustainable forest management”. Papers presented at a IUFRO/CIFOR/FAO conference “Sustainable forest management: fostering stakeholder input to advance development of scientifically based indicators” held in Melbourne, Australia, August 1998 (pp. 39–66). CABI Publishing. https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1079/9780851993928.0039
Prasad, V. K., & Badarinath, K. V. S. (2005). Assessing forest cover sustainability and deforestation risk from socioeconomic and biophysical indicators–a case study from Rampa Forests, south India. Sustainable Development, 13(2), 102–114. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.250
Presley, S. J., Willig, M. R., Saldanha, L. N., Wunderle Jr, J. M., & Castro‐Arellano, I. (2009). Reduced‐impact logging has little effect on temporal activity of frugivorous bats (Chiroptera) in lowland Amazonia. Biotropica, 41(3), 369–378. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2008.00485.x
Putz, F. E., Blate, G. M., Redford, K. H., Fimbel, R., & Robinson, J. (2001). Tropical forest management and conservation of biodiversity: an overview. Conservation Biology, 15(1), 7-20. https://cgspace.cgiar.org/items/2b0d7780-0649-40ac-9d52-24c4225ca944
Raudsepp-Hearne, C., Peterson, G. D., Tengö, M., Bennett, E. M., Holland, T., Benessaiah, K., McDonald, G., & Pfeifer, L. (2010). Untangling the environmentalist's paradox: why is human well-being increasing as ecosystem services degrade? BioScience, 60, 576-589. https://chooser.crossref.org/?doi=10.1525%2Fbio.2010.60.8.4
Reddy, C. S., Khuroo, A. A., Krishna, P. H., Saranya, K. R. L., Jha, C. S., & Dadhwal, V.K. (2014). Threat evaluation for biodiversity conservation of forest ecosystems using geospatial techniques: a case study of Odisha, India Ecological Engineering, 69, 287–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2014.05.006
Ribeiro, E. M. S., Arroyo-Rodríguez, V., Santos, B. A., Tabarelli, M., Leal, I. R., & Barlow, J. (2015). Chronic anthropogenic disturbance drives the biological impoverishment of the Brazilian Caatinga vegetation. The Journal of Applied Ecology, 52(3), 611–620. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12420
Rodrigues, G.S., De Barros, I., Ehabe, E.E., Lang, P.S., & Enjalric, F. (2009). Integrated indicators for performance assessment of traditional agroforestry systems in Southwest Cameroon. Agroforestry Systems, 77, 9-22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-009-9237-7
Rousseau, L., Fonte, S.J., Téllez, O., Van der Hoek, R., & Lavelle, P. (2013). Soil macrofauna as indicators of soil quality and land use impacts in smallholder agroecosystems of western Nicaragua. Ecological Indicators, 27, 71–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2012.11.020
Rüger, N., Williams-Linera, G., Kissling, W. D., & Huth, A. (2008). Long-term impacts of fuelwood extraction on a tropical Montane cloud forest. Ecosystems (New York, N.Y.), 11(6), 868–881. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-008-9166-8
Rutten, G., Ensslin, A., Hemp, A., & Fischer, M. (2015). Forest structure and composition of previously selectively logged and non-logged montane forests at Mt. Kilimanjaro. Forest Ecology and Management, 337, 61–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2014.10.036
Saiter, F.Z., & Thomaz, L.D. (2014). Revisão da lista de espécies arbóreas do inventário de Thomaz and Monteiro (1997) na Estação Biológica de Santa Lúcia: o mais importante estudo fitossociológico em florestas montanas do Espírito Santo. Boletim do Museu de Biologia Mello Leitão, 34, 101-128. http://boletim.sambio.org.br/pdf/34_06.pdf
Salako, F.K., Hauser, S., Babalola, O., & Tian, G. (2001). Improvement of the physical fertility of a degraded Alfisol with planted and natural fallows under humid tropical conditions. Soil Use and Management, 17(1), 41-47. https://cgspace.cgiar.org/items/0080a1af-44d4-4214-a85d-00e83ff57f72
Sanei, A., Hussin, M.Z., Yusof, E., & Kasim, M.R. (2011). Estimation of leopard population size in a secondary forest within Malaysia's capital agglomeration using unsupervised classification of pugmarks. Tropical Ecology, 52, 209-217. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Estimation-of-leopard-population-size-in-a-forest-Sanei-Hussin/d8f4fb3ba1684bc43b5b7e3ffb16b6e681808961
Sassen, M., & Sheil, D. (2013). Human impacts on forest structure and species richness on the edges of a protected mountain forest in Uganda. Forest Ecology and Management, 307, 206–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2013.07.010
Schroth, G., Harvey, C. A., da Fonseca, G. A., Gascon, C., Vasconcelos, H. L., & Izac, A. M. N. (Eds.) (2004). Agroforestry and biodiversity conservation in tropical landscapes. Island Press, London. https://books.google.com.ec/books?id=lfmBO4XpfyUC&printsec=copyright#v=onepage&q&f=false
Schulze, M., Grogan, J., & Vidal, E. (2008). Forest certification in Amazonia: standards matter. Oryx: The Journal of the Fauna Preservation Society, 42(2), 229–239. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0030605308000689
Shackleton, S., Delang, C.O., & Angelsen, A. (2011). From subsistence to safety nets and cash income: exploring the diverse values of non-timber forest products for livelihoods and poverty alleviation. In: Shackleton, S., Shackleton, C., Shanley, P., (Eds), Non-timber forest products in the global context. Springer, Berlin. https://www.cifor-icraf.org/knowledge/publication/3405/
Shaffer, C.A., Milstein, M.S., Yukuma, C., Marawanaru, E., & Suse, P. (2017). Sustainability and comanagement of subsistence hunting in an indigenous reserve in Guyana. Conservation Biology: The Journal of the Society for Conservation Biology, 31(5), 1119–1131. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12891
Shaffer, C. A., Yukuma, C., Marawanaru, E., & Suse, P. (2018). Assessing the sustainability of Waiwai subsistence hunting in Guyana by comparison of static indices and spatially explicit, biodemographic models. Animal Conservation, 21(2), 148–158. https://doi.org/10.1111/acv.12366
Sheil, D., Nasi, R., & Johnson, B. (2004). Ecological criteria and indicators for tropical forest landscapes: challenges in the search for progress. Ecology and Society, 9(1), 7. https://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol9/iss1/art7/
Siebert, S. F., & Belsky, J. M. (2014). Historic livelihoods and land uses as ecological disturbances and their role in enhancing biodiversity: An example from Bhutan. Biological Conservation, 177, 82–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2014.06.015
Silva Gonzaga, M. I., Cunha Bispo, M.V., Lima da Silva, T., Mello dos Santos, W., & Leal de Santana, I. (2016). Atlantic forest soil as reference in the soil quality evaluation of coconut orchards (Cocos nucifera L) under different management. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 37(6), 3847–3858. https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2016v37n6p3847
Silva, A. P., Babujia, L. C., Franchini, J. C., Souza, R. A., & Hungria, M. (2010). Microbial biomass under various soil- and crop-management systems in short- and long-term experiments in Brazil. Field Crops Research, 119(1), 20–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2010.06.012
Simons, A.J., & Leakey, R.R.B. (2004). Tree domestication in tropical agroforestry. In Advances in Agroforestry (pp. 167–181). Springer Netherlands. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-017-2424-1_12
Singh, M., Tokola, T., Hou, Z., & Notarnicola, C. (2017). Remote sensing-based landscape indicators for the evaluation of threatened-bird habitats in a tropical forest. Ecology and Evolution, 7(13), 4552–4567. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.2970
Singh, T. P., & Das, S. (2014). Predictive analysis for vegetation biomass assessment in western ghat region (WG) using geospatial techniques. Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing, 42(3), 549–557. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12524-013-0335-7
Siry, J. P., Cubbage, F. W., & Ahmed, M. R. (2005). Sustainable forest management: global trends and opportunities. Forest Policy and Economics, 7(4), 551–561. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2003.09.003
Smaling, E. M. A., & Dixon, J. (2006). Adding a soil fertility dimension to the global farming systems approach, with cases from Africa. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 116(1–2), 15–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2006.03.010
Solen, L. C., Nicolas, J., de Sartre Xavier, A., Thibaud, D., Simon, D., Michel, G., & Johan, O. (2018). Impacts of agricultural practices and individual life characteristics on ecosystem services: A case study on family farmers in the context of an amazonian pioneer front. Environmental Management, 61(5), 772–785. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-018-1004-y
Steffan-Dewenter, I., Kessler, M., Barkmann, J., Bos, M. M., Buchori, D., Erasmi, S., Faust, H., Gerold, G., Glenk, K., Gradstein, S. R., Guhardja, E., Harteveld, M., Hertel, D., Höhn, P., Kappas, M., Köhler, S., Leuschner, C., Maertens, M., Marggraf, R., … Tscharntke, T. (2007). Tradeoffs between income, biodiversity, and ecosystem functioning during tropical rainforest conversion and agroforestry intensification. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104(12), 4973–4978. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0608409104
Suhling, F., Sahlén, G., Martens, A., Marais, E., & Schütte, C. (2006). Dragonfly assemblages in arid tropical environments: A case study from western Namibia. Biodiversity and Conservation, 15(1), 311–332. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-005-2007-6
Testolin, R., Saulei, S., Farcomeni, A., Grussu, G., Yosi, C., De Sanctis, M., & Attorre, F. (2016). Investigating the effect of selective logging on tree biodiversity and structure of the tropical forests of Papua New Guinea. IForest: Biogeosciences and Forestry, 9(3), 475–482. https://doi.org/10.3832/ifor1732-008
Ticktin, T. (2004). The ecological implications of harvesting non‐timber forest products. The Journal of Applied Ecology, 41(1), 11–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2004.00859.x
Trilleras, J. M., Jaramillo, V. J., Vega, E. V., & Balvanera, P. (2015). Effects of livestock management on the supply of ecosystem services in pastures in a tropical dry region of western Mexico. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 211, 133–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2015.06.011
Trivedi, P., Delgado-Baquerizo, M., Anderson, I. C., & Singh, B. K. (2016). Response of soil properties and microbial communities to agriculture: implications for primary productivity and soil health indicators. Frontiers in Plant Science, 7, 990. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.00990
United Nations (1992). United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. UN, Rio de Janeiro. https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/united-nations-framework-convention-on-climate-change
Valencia, R., Foster, R. B., Villa, G., Condit, R., Svenning, J.-C., Hernández, C., Romoleroux, K., Losos, E., Magård, E., & Balslev, H. (2004). Tree species distributions and local habitat variation in the Amazon: large forest plot in eastern Ecuador. The Journal of Ecology, 92(2), 214–229. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-0477.2004.00876.x
van Vliet, N., Fa, J., & Nasi, R. (2015). Managing hunting under uncertainty: from one-off ecological indicators to resilience approaches in assessing the sustainability of bushmeat hunting. Ecology and Society: A Journal of Integrative Science for Resilience and Sustainability, 20(3). https://doi.org/10.5751/es-07669-200307
Vanhove, W., Vanhoudt, N., & van Damme, P. (2016). Effect of shade tree planting and soil management on rehabilitation success of a 22-year-old degraded cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) plantation. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 219, 14–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2015.12.005
Vera, R. R., Cota-Sánchez, J. H., & Grijalva Olmedo, J. E. (2019). Biodiversity, dynamics, and impact of chakras on the Ecuadorian Amazon. Journal of Plant Ecology, 12(1), 34-44. https://academic.oup.com/jpe/article/12/1/34/4584266?login=false
Vera-Vélez, R., Grijalva Olmedo, J. E., Cota-Sánchez, J. H. (2019). Cocoa agroforestry and tree diversity in relation to past land use in the Northern Ecuadorian Amazon. New Forests, 50(6), 891–910. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-019-09707-y
Vergutz, L., Novais, R. F., Silva, I. R. da, Barros, N. F. de, Nunes, T. N., & Piau, A. A. de M. (2010). Mudanças na matéria orgânica do solo causadas pelo tempo de adoção de um sistema agrossilvopastoril com eucalipto. Revista Brasileira de Ciencia Do Solo, 34(1), 43–57. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0100-06832010000100005
Vilanova-Torre, E., Ramírez-Angulo, H., & Torres-Lezama, A. (2010). El almacenamiento de carbono en la biomasa aérea como indicador del impacto del aprovechamiento de maderas en la Reserva Forestal Imataca, Venezuela. Interciencia, 35, 659-665. https://repositorio.catie.ac.cr/handle/11554/6136
Vilanova, E., Ramírez-Angulo, H., Ramírez, G., & Torres-Lezama, A. (2012). Compliance with sustainable forest management guidelines in three timber concessions in the Venezuelan Guayana: Analysis and implications. Forest Policy and Economics, 17, 3–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2011.11.001
Wartenberg, A. C., Blaser, W. J., Janudianto, K. N., Roshetko, J. M., van Noordwijk, M., & Six, J. (2018). Farmer perceptions of plant–soil interactions can affect adoption of sustainable management practices in cocoa agroforests: a case study from Southeast Sulawesi. Ecology and Society: A Journal of Integrative Science for Resilience and Sustainability, 23(1). https://doi.org/10.5751/es-09921-230118
Weinbaum, K. Z., Brashares, J. S., Golden, C. D., & Getz, W. M. (2013). Searching for sustainability: are assessments of wildlife harvests behind the times? Ecology Letters, 16(1), 99–111. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12008
Willis, K. J., Gillson, L., & Brncic, T. M. (2004). Ecology. How “virgin” is virgin rainforest? Science (New York, N.Y.), 304(5669), 402–403. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1093991
Zhang, H., & Jim, C. Y. (2013). Species adoption for sustainable forestry in Hong Kong’s degraded countryside. International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology, 20(6), 484–503. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504509.2013.818590